Transgenic plant technology is the way via some from animals, plants or micro-organisms isolated from the purpose of gene transfer to the plant genome so that the genetic expression and stability. the technology give the plants new character. Plants transgenic technology in following up the main application. First, the resistance to genetic engineering, also known as the first generation of plant genetic engineering. Is to study the earliest and most mature technology, and application of the largest plant transgenic technology. Include insect-resistant genetic engineering, genetic engineering, disease resistance, herbicide resistance gene engineering and resilience (salinity, cold, cold, drought) genetic engineering. Second, the quality improvement of plant genetic engineering. Is the study of plant transgenic technology hot spots, including quality improvement of plant protein, carbohydrates (such as starch, sugar, etc.) quality improvement; fat, vitamins and ripening quality improvement and quality improvement. Third, there are special effects of health food, functional food and the treatment of food. There are other aspects of the application of new varieties of heterosis, the bioreactor to produce pharmaceutical and industrial raw materials.
(A) of the Development Review
From the birth of transgenic plants to the beginning of this century, the world’s transgenic crop area of tens of millions of hectares of transgenic plants in less than two decades has made tremendous development time and create a huge economic benefits.
1983 University of Washington announced the successful will kanamycin resistance gene into tobacco cells. In April, the University of Wisconsin has announced the successful soybean gene into sunflower. Marked the birth of transgenic plants, and agricultural bio-engineering technology and the world have had a tremendous shock. Followed by the rapid development of transgenic technology start up, a large number of transgenic plants began to developed. In 1985, the first anti-virus, anti-pest and disease resistant bacteria into the field trials of genetically modified plants. In the same year by the U.S. Patent Office that patent protection of plant genetic engineering. 1986, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency to allow the world’s first case of GM crops - herbicide-resistant tobacco for environmental release. In 1990, anti-virus developed transgenic tobacco had become the world’s largest community of genetically modified crops and genetically modified crops, thus beginning the prelude to large area. In 1994, the United States, genetically modified extension of cooked fresh tomatoes - “FlavrSavr” tomato FDA approval to enter the U.S. market, becoming the first were allowed to sell GM foods.
Subsequent years the rapid promotion of GM crops around the world to promote an area of transgenic crops has grown from 1.7 million hectares in 1996 surged to 52.6 million hectares in 2001, six years increased by 30 times, total plant 100 000 000 2 1 000 5 million hectares . Planting of transgenic crops during this period the number of countries are from 6 in 1996 to 13 in 2000. Which the United States, genetically modified crop acreage most extensive in 2000, planted area reached 30.3 million hectares, accounting for 68%; followed by Argentina, 10 million hectares, accounting for 23%; Canada 3 million hectares, accounting for 7%; China to 500,000 hectares , 1% (these data are too old, in a future article will be updated).
The promotion of genetically modified plants for the community to create a significant economic benefit. GM crops worldwide in 1999 was 54.67 million tons of total exports, total exports reached 10.3 billion U.S. dollars. U.S. agricultural biotechnology in 1996 from net profit obtained for the 92 million U.S. dollars, when in 1997 has increased to 315 million U.S. dollars. Canada in 1997 obtained from the net profit of agricultural biotechnology has reached 53 million U.S. dollars. From a global perspective, 1995 to 1998 4 years sales of transgenic crops increased by 20 times. 1995 only 75 million U.S. dollars; in 1996 tripled over 235 million U.S. dollars, in 1997 has the ability to turn nearly three fold, 6.7 million; in 1998 it reached 12 to 15 billion dollars. In 2001 alone, China imports most of the transgenic soybean 〔〕 that up to 15 million tons of soybean.
In the eighties of last century China has begun the research of transgenic plants. By 1990, China developed its own anti-tobacco mosaic virus, tobacco was grown in Liaoning Province, and became the world’s largest genetically modified plant. Subsequently, transgenic tobacco PK863 anti-virus and transgenic insect-resistant Bt gene in tobacco PK893 also grown in Liaoning Province in 1992, compared with the corresponding conventional varieties yield 5 to 7%, saving 2 to 3% of the amount of pesticide spraying. Later, as the international controversy over the safety of genetically modified stop further application.
The relevant national research projects on transgenic plants research and development to give sustained support, which funded a large program efforts as “National High Technology Research and Development Program (863 Program)”, “National Transgenic Plant Research and Industrialization Special” “National Key Basic Research Development Program (973 Program)” and the National Natural Science Fund. At the same time international research funds, such as “Rockefeller Foundation”, “McKnight Fund” and “China - EU scientific and technological cooperation” and also greatly supported the study of transgenic plants. According to statistics, in 1986 in the field of plant biotechnology research investment to 1.4 billion by 1999 had grown to 920 million yuan. Its share of total national crop research investment increased from 1.2% in 1986 to 9.2% in 1999. In working in the area of plant biotechnology scientists and technical personnel from the 1986 to 740 in 1988 to expand to 1999 people.
As of 2000, the cumulative conduct field trials of transgenic plants 45, the environmental release of a 65, 31 commercial production. Commercialization and research involving genetically modified plants to more than 50 plant species and more than 120 functional genes. 1996, the commercialization of transgenic plants planted area of 112,500 hectares in 2000 has reached 50 million hectares (Figure 2), out fourth in the world (James, 2001). Genetically Modified Crops in China in 1999 reached 2.83 million tons of imports, total import 700 million 5 million yuan. Commercialization of transgenic plants in China are: the Biotechnology Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences developed transgenic insect-resistant cotton, developed by Peking University transfer Chalcone synthase (CHS) gene in Petunia, anti-virus and anti-virus tomato sweet pepper, Huazhong Agricultural University developed transgenic tomato resistant storage. In addition, the United States, Monsanto’s Bt cotton has allowed commercial cultivation in our country.
Of these, transgenic cotton is the only large-scale cultivation in China and the industrialization of transgenic crops. At the national Science and Technology, Ministry of Agriculture, the State Planning Commission and other national projects with the support of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Biotechnology Research Institute and other research institutions since 1991, carried out the research of genetically modified cotton, obtained through genetic modification with self-knowledge Bt insect-resistant property of the toxin gene (Cry1Ab and Cry 1Ac), use of our independent development of pollen-tube pathway transformation technique on the main varieties of cotton were transformed, and ultimately to have excellent resistance to transgenic cotton lines. The gene has received national patents, our country after the United States have independent intellectual property rights, independent transgenic cotton developed the second country. After that was synthesized in 1998, encoding snowdrop lectin gene and Bt + CpTI (cowpea trypsin inhibitor gene) bivalent insect-resistant genes, and applied to the development of transgenic cotton. After 10 years of Bt cotton in China has made efforts to breakthrough in 2000 to promote an area of 550 mu of cotton, the cumulative socio-economic benefits generated nearly 770 million yuan.
(B) of the main progress
2001 world commercial cultivation of transgenic plants reached 52.6 million hectares, of which China’s cultivated area is 150 million hectares, 3 times in 2000, becoming the world’s transgenic crop area of the fastest growing. The main reason is because on the one hand, it has developed good effect, taken seriously by farmers increased the acreage; and partly because the state has increased the research efforts of transgenic plants to new technologies and new products in the future.
1, insect-resistant transgenic plants
In 2001, transgenic cotton has made significant achievements in the basis of another new breakthrough. Chinese Academy of Agricultural Biotechnology Research Institute of the cotton gene patent “encoding insecticidal protein fusion gene and expression vector and its application” was awarded the State Intellectual Property Bureau and the World Intellectual Property Organization Patent Award in China. Meanwhile, the double price of transgenic cotton SGK321 also passed Variety Approval Committee of Hebei Province, marking the double-transgenic cotton in China in a leading position in research. Currently, SGK321 has passed the safety assessment of GMOs, and allowed to Shanxi, Hebei, Shandong, Henan, Anhui and for commercial production, in the Hubei environmental release. Integrated the two years 2000 and 2001 field trial results, SGK321 is superior to other varieties of early maturing before frost 75.4 kg lint per mu is equivalent to control insect-resistant hybrids of 93.4%. The variety of good quality fiber length of 29.2 mm, than the strength of 29.4 cm / Turks, micronaire 4.8, resistance prominent.
So far, China has 14 validation cotton varieties, of which unit price of cotton 11, respectively: GK1 (national anti-1), GK12 (national anti-12), GK19 (national anti-19), GK22 (State anti-22), GK30 (Lumianyan 16), GK95-1 (Jin cotton 26) and GK46 (Jinmian 31), GKz10 (Lumianyan 15), GKz13 (Lu RH-1), GKz6 (CCRI 38) and GKz8 (South anti-3); two-price cotton 3, respectively: sGK321, sGK9708 (CCRI 41), sGK5 (new study 96-48). These cotton varieties are highly resistant to bollworm, has good quality traits and high yield. The same time, and encouraged a strong competitive cotton varieties, including hybrid cotton varieties 2 (Lu H9513 and the anti-hybrid 5), conventional varieties 2 (ZGK9708 and Lu S6145). In addition, there are participating in the national regional trials of promising varieties of six, hybrid cotton 4. Domestic cotton in 2001 has been in Hebei, Henan, Shanxi, Shandong, Hunan, Hubei, Jiangsu, Anhui, Xinjiang and Liaoning provinces and cities to promote the 17 600 thousand ha, accounting for 43.3% of domestic cotton market. With Monsanto’s Bt cotton, transgenic Bt cotton in 2001 planted area of the country 31% of cotton acreage planted more than 3.5 million households.
In transgenic rice, the Chinese Academy of Sciences Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology developed gene transfer SCK (modified cowpea protease inhibitor gene) pest-resistant rice in Fujian Province has carried out five years of field trials. Identified, the field control effect on rice stem borer 90-100%, leaf roller resistance up to 81-100% of Sesamia inferens 62.6-63.9%, 83.9% rice bud worm. Given the current policy reasons for the time being can not be planted, but many parts have been taken to conduct more field trials. The transgenic rice in food safety testing has been basically completed and the results showed no significant difference with the conventional rice. Is currently further developing marker-free, highly expressed genes, multivalent transgenic insect-resistant rice varieties.
China Agricultural University, cloned from the Bt strains of a silent new insecticidal gene cry1Ie1, the gene expression of toxic proteins on the Asian corn borer showed high insecticidal activity, the current international classification has been established on the pattern of its genetic status. The genes and gene combinations with cry1A gene has been applied for national invention patent. On this basis, further complete the cry1Ie1 and codon modified cry1Ac and prokaryotic, eukaryotic expression vectors, transformation of the insecticidal activity of gene identification in progress.
2, resistant transgenic plants
Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences and in cooperation abroad to locate and clone the success of bacterial blight resistance gene Xa21 Xa21 gene in rice through the original Agrobacterium-mediated transformation system, a large number of rice varieties with high yield transformation of Minghui 63, Zhenshan 97B , Yanhui 559, Lake Japonica 6, Pei’ai 64S, C418, 8706, and in 11 other flowers. Resistance analysis showed that these transgenic lines to 19 different bacterial leaf blight strains, including nine former Philippine races, 3 races in Japan and 7 were highly resistant to our pathogenic type, inoculation lesion area less than 10%. Most of Xa21 transgenic lines stronger resistance gene Xa21 donor IRBB21, suggesting that different genetic back of Xa21 is still preserved under the high degree of bacterial blight resistance and broad spectrum resistance. At present, some transgenic plants have entered the pilot phase.
China Agricultural University has been established using high-frequency genetic transformation system for wheat, using particle bombardment of wheat yellow mosaic virus (WYMV) coat protein gene, bacteria associated 72kDa protein gene transfer and RNaseIII ,2-5A System and other target genes were introduced into wheat access to a variety of virus-resistant transgenic lines. One NY-8 and other 50 materials have been examined and approved by the State into the field of biological safety testing. Screened from a number of good lines to keep the receptors in agronomic traits, anti-virus ability to reach a significant level of strain for the first time in cereal crops on the confirmation of the gene silencing-mediated antiviral mechanism.
China National Rice Research Institute of transgenic technology to insect antimicrobial peptide gene by gene gun technology or by pCBl vector into rice immature embryos, were resistant to bacterial disease of transgenic rice plants, experiments in transgenic rice under greenhouse conditions and rice bacterial blight bacteria thin strips enhanced pathogen resistance, and the performance of its genetic stability.
Biotechnology Research Institute of China Academy of Agricultural Sciences and Chinese Academy of Sciences Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology in cooperation such as the successful cloning and modification of plant sources of chitinase gene and the glucose oxidase gene obtained resistance to Verticillium wilt and fusarium wilt GM Cotton is now in pilot phase.
3, transgenic plant reactor
Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences carried out using tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) expression vector used as a bio-reactor plant, using this method the expression of foot and mouth disease virus large surface antigen polypeptide, preparation and efficient, safe, cheap re foot and mouth disease vaccine. The study used self-built local strains of TMV genome cDNA mutant library, the expression of exogenous peptide achieved a major breakthrough. Fusion has been able to express a variety of peptides up to 31 mouth disease virus surface antigen recombinant TMV. Recombinant virus infection of a stable system capacity, per gram of tobacco leaf will receive more than 1 mg of highly purified fusion protein. And found a simple and effective large-scale purification of viruses from the tobacco protein process route and the preparation of recombinant vaccine technology.
4, transgenic plant quality improvement
Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences at the international level for the first time the distribution of photosynthetic products from the point of view, put forward using the anti-PEP gene increased seed oil content of rapeseed technical route by which antisense PEP gene was constructed, using Agrobacterium-mediated pathway, will Antisense PEP gene into the genome of rapeseed, have obtained several batches of anti-PEP transgenic oilseed rape plants. Incubation of the “super oil One” oil amounted to 47.4%, “Super Oil II” oil content as high as 52.82%, oil elongation than conventional varieties by 25% or more, become the highest international oil content in Brassica napus. Breaking the Yangtze River in China rapeseed oil content of 37% ~ 43% in the long-wandering situation, realize the amount of rape seed oil breakthrough.
Yangzhou University and Chinese Academy of Sciences Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, and other isolated and cloned a rice seeds with genes related to starch synthesis: starch branching enzyme Sbe1, starch branching enzyme and soluble starch synthase Sbe3 SSS, and the rice endosperm-specific gene expression sub-components Gt1, GluB-1, RP5 and RAG1. Constructed to be converted rice, contain sense or antisense starch synthase and high lysine content of protein (LRP) gene carriers such as engineering, obtained by transformation with different quality of transgenic rice plants of more than 800 strains. We have done some of the transgenic rice plant molecular identification.
(C) related work
March 2001, bivalent transgenic cotton products SGK321 review committee examined and approved by Hebei Province. Marks the two-gene Bt cotton in China in the field of international leadership ranks.
May 23, 2001 Premier Zhu Rongji signed the State Council Order No. 304, promulgated the “Regulations GMOs safety management.”
July 11, 2001 the Ministry of Agriculture adopted by the 5th executive meeting, issued Decree No. 8,9 and 10. Were released, “Safety Evaluation Administration of Agricultural Genetically Modified Organism”, “import GMOs safety management approach” and “Measures for the Administration of Agricultural Genetically Modified biological identity.” The approach will be March 20, 2002 shall come into force.
December 2001, “China Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement Project” was approved by the State Planning Commission launched. The project is the first country in agriculture major scientific projects, total investment is 149.6 million yuan. Project support unit for the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, the construction period of 2 years. The overall objective of the project is to build an internationally advanced level, large-scale, high efficiency of crop genetic resources and genetic improvement of modern facilities platform, genetic resources for crop research and genetically modified to provide an advanced infrastructure and technology platform.
December 27, 2001, transgenic cotton project’s core technology patent “encoding insecticidal protein fusion gene and the expression vector and its application” (Patent No.: 95119563.8) by the China Patent Award Evaluation Committee review, and the State Intellectual Property Office World Intellectual Property Organization granted the “China Patent Award” certificates.
December 29, 2001, China was the first to propose the use of anti-PEP gene increased seed oil content of rapeseed cultivation antisense technology road PEP Super oil rape new line by the Zhejiang Province in the technical appraisal. The transgenic rapeseed oil content of up to 52.82 percent, as the highest current international oil content in Brassica.
&