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Nature：Lesson from a pandemic

It is time to assess what worked, and what didn’t, in the global efforts to cope with swine flu.

The world’s response to the H1N1 flu pandemic over the past ten months suggests that the lessons learned from dealing with severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) and the threat of H5N1 avian flu have paid off. Researchers worldwide freely shared and published data covering the genetics, virology and epidemiology of the H1N1 virus in almost real time. Most national and international health agencies reacted swiftly and generally communicated openly with the media and the public. But the response also revealed serious weaknesses. The sobering fact is that humans were lucky with this pandemic. Most cases have been mild, yet health services were still often stretched to capacity. And the fact that vaccines were too few, too late, would have been catastrophic if the virus had been more lethal.

Health authorities in Mexico deserve credit for promptly alerting the world to the first outbreaks and acting to slow the spread of the disease, despite clear economic impacts from lost tourism and closed businesses. The transparency of the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) in Atlanta, Georgia, also deserves recognition. The agency’s open sharing of data helped set the tone of the international response. Such moves gave other nations a head start in reinforcing surveillance efforts and trying to slow the initial spread of the virus to win time for a vaccine to be prepared.

More waves of H1N1 flu will come, but its health impact will diminish as more people obtain natural immunity. Public-health officials around the globe can take some comfort in the fact that, for now, the virus seems less deadly than they had feared. They can also take pride in having struck a good balance between uncertainty, taking action and minimizing economic impacts and social disruption.

Informing the public about the nature and severity of the disease was a tremendous challenge — especially when it came to explaining the uncertainties surrounding the severity, epidemiology and pathology of the virus. In the United States, the initial communications were overseen in large part by Richard Besser, acting director of the CDC at the time (see page 150). It was a challenge he and the agency rose to admirably. The news media and flu bloggers also generally responded well. Despite their well-known fascination with worse-case scenarios, mainstream news outlets for the most part did a good job of not sensationalizing the threat, and of debunking individuals and organizations looking to sow unfounded doubts about vaccine safety and the necessity of a robust public-health response.

Unfortunately, official efforts to build trust in the pandemic response were not helped by overly optimistic predictions of how much and how quickly vaccines would be available. This underscores a significant technological deficiency: the reliance on a small number of suppliers, with almost all vaccines made by growing the virus in eggs, a process that takes around six months to get shots into production. The spread of H1N1 flu around the world in a matter of weeks highlights the need to develop novel vaccines, which would a provide quicker turnaround, and for government incentives to encourage manufacturers to move away from egg-based production.

Analysis of the H1N1 virus suggests that this new strain had been circulating in pigs for almost a decade, and probably jumped to humans months before it was detected in Mexico. That it was not spotted earlier is unacceptable. Public- and animal-health communities need to help increase surveillance for emerging diseases with pandemic potential.

The danger now is that last year’s relatively mild pandemic will create a false sense of security and complacency. The reality is that next time we might not be so lucky — especially given that this time most of the world’s population, living as they do in developing countries, had no access to either vaccines or antiviral drugs. Governments and scientists would do well to redouble efforts to reinforce our pandemic defences, and to draw what lessons they can from this outbreak as a dry run for a more severe pandemic.

Cell：H1N1: A Mexican Perspective

Laura Vargas-Parada（México City, México）

In April this year, a new influenza virus of swine origin emerged in Mexico and spread rapidly around the world. As the Northern hemisphere winter flu season kicks off, Laura Vargas-Parada reports on the measures that Mexico is taking to combat the H1N1 pandemic.

Main Text

Although Mexico has been actively engaged in establishing a health emergency response network for a decade, the emergence of the pandemic (H1N1) 2009 flu virus this Spring put the network under intense pressure and prompted evaluation of omissions and unexpected outcomes. One major flaw in the Preparedness and Response Plan was that “all possible scenarios considered that the potential risk would arrive from abroad, most likely from Asia, giving us time to react to the emergency. We never expected the epidemic to start here,” explains Mexico’s health minister José Angel Córdova. “In a matter of hours important decisions had to be taken with the scarce information we had at hand,” he adds. Ignacio Villaseñor, undersecretary of health for Mexico City’s local government, emphasizes that “at that moment, what we needed to achieve was that those that were healthy not to get sick, those that were sick not to develop severe disease, and those who developed severe disease not to die.” Strict measures to prevent the spread of the H1N1 virus were implemented. “This was a new virus; no one knew how virulent it was or its capacity for transmission so we were extremely cautious. Putting it into perspective, now we know the disease is not as severe as it was expected…but not at that time,” says Córdova. Mexico was the only country during the emergence of the H1N1 pandemic to establish a broad-based strategy for school closures and bans on public gatherings; in Mexico City, the world’s third largest metropolis, all nonessential activities were shut down. It is estimated that the pandemic cost Mexico $4 billion dollars (0.4% of its GDP).

One of the major questions raised during the Spring pandemic was the death toll observed in Mexico and not elsewhere. “A retrospective analysis of the epidemiological data has shown that one main contributing factor for the death of patients was the delayed admission and delayed initiation of antiviral treatment,” explains Córdova. In Mexico, most people who get the flu never go to a doctor. Even worse, it is common for people to self-diagnose and to treat themselves with homemade remedies or, as few drugs require a prescription, they simply buy them at the drugstore. “With a massive media campaign, people are now looking for medical attention at the onset of symptoms and the death rate has diminished to be currently similar to what is reported globally. Before April 23 people took up to nine days to see a doctor, now the average is a day and a half,” says Córdova.

As of December 2 this year, there have been 66,070 confirmed cases of pandemic H1N1 (2009) flu and 671 deaths in Mexico (for comparison, according to the National System on Health Information, there were 14,575 deaths from acute respiratory infections in 2007). Much has been learned from the early days of the H1N1 (2009) pandemic and many changes have been implemented in time for this winter’s flu season.

So far this year, the Mexican government has invested $330 million to buy general supplies, antivirals, vaccines, laboratory equipment, mechanical ventilators, and monitors for acute care. The purchase of H1N1 2009 vaccine alone is expected to cost $200 million. In the US, 250 million doses of swine flu vaccine have been ordered at a cost of $1.5 billion and the US Congress has set aside $7.65 billion to fight pandemic flu. According to the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), as of December 4 there were 73 million doses of H1N1 vaccine available in the US. Like many other countries, Mexico has been struggling to obtain a sufficient supply of H1N1 flu vaccine. A recent agreement with the French pharma company Sanofi-Aventis enabled Mexico to obtain 865,000 doses of Panenza vaccine last month (215,000 doses from France and 650,000 doses from the US). The next batch “will arrive between December and March to complete a total of 30 million,” says Alejandro Macías, special commissioner of the Federal Government for human influenza and assistant director at the National Institute of Medical Sciences and Nutrition. Sanofi-Aventis is supplying 20 million doses, and GlaxoSmithKline (GSK) is providing an additional 10 million doses of its H1N1 pandemic vaccine with adjuvant (Arepanrix) manufactured in Canada. “As the number of vaccines is limited, there will be a program to prioritize health-care workers, pregnant women, children from six months to three years old, as well as individuals at risk of severe disease, such as people with chronic underlying illnesses,” says Macías. As for seasonal influenza vaccination, since October 5, 20 million doses have been given to health-care workers, children, the elderly, and those over 50 with conditions like asthma, diabetes, or obesity. “We expect to complete seasonal vaccination by December,” adds Macías. Seasonal influenza vaccination was introduced in Mexico as part of the annual national vaccination campaign in 2004. To assure the efficient allocation of both vaccines and antivirals, “we have implemented a central logistics and delivery system,” explains Córdova. Both vaccines and antivirals are being distributed by Biologicals and Reactives of Mexico (BIRMEX), “which has a very well established network,” says Macías. (BIRMEX is a state-owned company that produces, distributes, and imports vaccines, heterologous sera, and clinical diagnostic products).

Many have complained that the shortage of H1N1 flu vaccine is a result of the monopoly imposed by the countries where the vaccine is produced. “For decades, Mexico produced all the vaccines that were applied in the country. However, very bad political decisions reduced our capability to mainly commercialize and distribute the vaccines and products others produce,” explains infectious diseases expert Samuel Ponce de León, a former medical director for Bristol-Myers Squibb in Mexico and current director of BIRMEX. “At the end of 2007, BIRMEX acquired a production plant with the aim of regaining capability to produce vaccines and established an agreement with Sanofi-Aventis for the technological transfer and construction of a plant for producing seasonal influenza vaccine.” With an investment of $250 million, the plant, located in the State of Mexico, will initiate security and stability tests in 2011 and is expected to start producing around 25 million doses of vaccine by 2012. Ponce de León adds, “it has been a great mistake not to have given priority to investment in the development of science and technology” as it is clearly becoming a matter of national security.

Public Health

The winter flu season in Mexico is expected to peak next month, and an agreement has been reached that public health hospitals will reserve at least 12% of their beds for pandemic flu patients. “To expand hospital capacity, parking lots and classrooms will be equipped to receive the patients, non-essential activities like elective surgeries will be suspended, and those patients that can be taken care of at home will be discharged,” says Córdova. In Mexico City, the local government has designated two separate hospitals for the management of adults and children with pandemic flu. The remaining 26 local hospitals and 220 outpatient clinics will remain open during evenings and weekends to assist people seeking medical attention.

As people are being advised to consult a physician at the first signs of flu symptoms like fever and cough, triage will be important for distributing scarce resources in a rational manner. “We have found that … caravanas de la salud are very useful,” says Córdova. Launched in 2007, caravanas de la salud is a nationwide system of mobile healthcare (medical and dental) clinics operated by physicians and nurses that provide regular primary care to low-income individuals living in remote areas throughout the country. “During the early outbreak they gave thousands of medical consults, resolving many of the enquiries and reducing the number of people visiting the hospitals,” says Córdova.

A key measure to counter the flu season this winter is a health promotion and prevention program. “We need to create a culture of prevention,” says Esther Orozco, general director of the Institute of Science and Technology of Mexico City. Córdova notes that “a major strategy in our program for the winter season is the training of personnel. Different workshops have been put in place at three major levels: physicians and nurses (to standardize diagnosis and treatment), hospital staff members (to respond to the need for adequate hospital infrastructure), and state health ministers.” Guides, educational material, and handbooks used in the workshops as well as information for the general public are available online (http://www.promocion.salud.gob.mx/dgps/interior1/influenza_estacional.html).

Despite all of these efforts, Mexico still lags behind other countries in investing in public health. In 2007, for example, Mexico invested 5.9% of its GDP on health, compared with an average of 9.1% for members of OECD (Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development) and 16% for the US (http://stats.oecd.org/Index.aspx?datasetcode=SNA_TABLE1). The public health expenditure per capita for the same year was $372 in Mexico compared with $3310 in the US.

Diagnostics

A major problem with the H1N1 pandemic flu outbreak in April was meeting the demand for rapid diagnosis. At that time, only the Institute of Epidemiological Diagnosis and Reference (InDRE) in Mexico City (Mexico’s National Public Health Laboratory) had the facilities to implement the CDC’s protocol for using RT-PCR to detect the influenza A (H1N1) 2009 virus strain. Major investments were made after the outbreak to upgrade Mexico’s diagnostic laboratory network. Currently, 27 state public health laboratories (out of 31), 1 laboratory in the Mexican Institute for Social Security network, and 3 (out of 12) of the National Institutes of Health in Mexico City are now equipped to use RT-PCR to detect the H1N1 virus. This month, Mexico City expects to open its own fully equipped state public health laboratory at the University of Mexico City.

For seasonal influenza, “28 state laboratories have the capability to determine if the samples sent by sentinel surveillance clinics are influenza A or B by means of immunofluorescence assays,” says InDRE deputy director Celia Alpuche-Aranda. “All positive samples for influenza, and 10% of the negative ones are then sent for confirmation to InDRE. If positivity is confirmed then subtyping (H1, H3, and H5) is done and a viral isolate obtained. For subtyping, we use the hemagglutination-inhibition test and RT-PCR. Samples are sent to CDC, our collaborative center in the Flu-Net network,” she says. “Surveillance for [pandemic (H1N1) virus] mutations is done by sequencing the neuraminidase gene. Up to now, 106 different clinical specimens collected from different dates and locations have been analyzed and all have been shown to be susceptible to neuraminidase inhibitors,” adds Alpuche-Aranda. “Selected virus isolates mainly from severe hospitalized cases and deaths will be fully sequenced using CDC’s overlapping forward and reverse primers. At this moment we are standardizing the technique,” she says.

Science and Policy

With most of the laboratory work focusing on diagnosis, there has been little time for monitoring emerging mutations and viral reassortants. One way to solve this limitation “would be to bring in academic labs outside of the government testing system, but sharing of clinical materials and trust is low,” says Susana López Charretón, a virologist from the Institute of Biotechnology at the National University of Mexico (UNAM). “We can provide state-of-the art technology and human resources to help them [but] there was no response, no sign of interest. We could have collaborated in the analysis of a national seroepidemiology survey to know how many people have been already exposed to the virus,” she says. Another problem that surfaced with the outbreak was the lack of trained personnel to respond to an emergency of this type. “We are still a very small scientific community and are in desperate need of more virologists” says López Charretón.

The perception of a lack of collaboration between clinical and other researchers, and between government laboratories and academia across the country, is a major concern. “During this epidemic, policy makers failed to recognize what public universities had to offer: the power of a well-established scientific community that was ready to help in harnessing the best available knowledge to solve the country’s problems,” says Antonio Lazcano, an evolutionary biologist at UNAM. “We were severely criticized for sending samples of the suspected cases to the Public Health Agency of Canada and the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention,” says Alpuche-Aranda. “In Mexico, we have first level research groups, but none of them had experience, neither the primers nor the probes, to isolate unknown pathogens. We were in a rush to sort out what was going on. Besides, the World Health Organization requires a set of standards to safely handle and work with new pathogens,” she explains. Fátima Fernández Christlieb, a sociologist at UNAM, points out that “the new influenza virus highlighted a large list of shortages, among them, the lack of coordination within the academic community and the absence of links between academia and those who make the decisions that affect the country.” Córdova concedes: “We worked together. Still, we need to work out a better strategy for collaborating with academia.”

Another issue of concern is that although Mexican researchers compiled valuable information during the initial H1N1 influenza outbreak, very few articles have been published in peer-reviewed journals. Villaseñor explains, “[at that time] we were overloaded with surveillance and field work and did not have enough staff.” A team led by Lazcano chose to publish a preliminary evolutionary analysis of the virus on their own blog page “with the goal of reaching a much broader audience,” Lazcano explains. For Gustavo Cruz Pacheco, at UNAM’s Institute of Applied Mathematics, who studied the dynamics of the outbreak when control measures were implemented, the difficulty was to cross disciplines and publish in biology journals.

As the winter flu season proceeds, Mexico continues to look for ways to bolster public health programs and to make better use of its scientists and research facilities. As Córdova points out, “there will always be problems. And the best way to face them is not by hiding them, but to bring them forward, ask for all the support needed, and make all decisions based upon the best available scientific data.” Carlos Arias, director of the Biotechnology Institute at UNAM, concurs: “The only way to make decisions and establish public policies is through the knowledge and evidence that comes from scientific research.” From the point of view of policy implementation, Orozco says, “most Mexican politicians are scientifically illiterate and do not have a vision about the importance of science. That is why, although we can say we have science, that won’t be enough while decision-makers do not recognize the power of scientific research in making policies on the basis of evidence. As a country we need to know why we want science, which are the plans, the projects, the route, the aims that we want to achieve by means of science and technology.”

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中国科学院生命科学和医学学部院士候选名单（共63人）
（按姓氏笔画为序）

序号	姓名	年龄	专业	工作单位
1	马 兰（女）	50	神经生物学、分子药理学	复旦大学
2	孔祥银	44	医学分子遗传学	中国科学院上海生命科学研究院、上海交通大学
3	王 岩	47	骨科学	中国人民解放军总医院
4	王书荣	69	神经生物学	中国科学院生物物理研究所
5	邓英杰（女）	64	药剂学	沈阳药科大学
6	任正隆	59	作物遗传育种学	四川农业大学
7	庄文颖（女）	60	真菌学	中国科学院微生物研究所
8	朱 军	60	作物遗传育种学	浙江大学
9	朱玉贤	53	植物生理学	北京大学
10	朱学良	46	细胞生物学	中国科学院上海生命科学研究院
11	严律南	64	肝脏外科学、肝脏移植	四川大学
12	吴孔明	44	昆虫学	中国农业科学院
13	宋微波	50	动物学	中国海洋大学
14	张大鹏	52	植物生理学	清华大学
15	张传茂	51	细胞生物学	北京大学
16	张学敏	45	基础医学	军事医学科学院
17	张明杰	42	结构生物学	香港科技大学
18	张树义	45	兽类学、动物生态学	华东师范大学
19	张维理（女）	55	土壤与植物营养学	中国农业科学院
20	张福锁	48	土壤植物营养学	中国农业大学
21	杨 晓（女）	42	发育遗传学	军事医学科学院
22	汪 海	45	药理学	军事医学科学院
23	沈钧贤	67	生物物理学	中国科学院生物物理研究所
24	沈珝琲（女）	74	分子生物学	中国医学科学院
25	陈孝平	56	肝脏外科学	华中科技大学
26	陈国强	45	病理生理学	上海交通大学
27	陈晔光	44	细胞生物学	清华大学
28	周 专	52	生物物理学	北京大学
29	周海梦	62	生物化学与分子生物学	浙江清华长三角研究院
30	尚永丰	45	生物化学与分子生物学	北京大学
31	林鸿宣	48	作物遗传学	中国科学院上海生命科学研究院
32	罗辽复	73	理论物理学	内蒙古大学
33	郑 树（女）	77	临床医学	浙江大学
34	金 力	46	群体遗传学	复旦大学
35	侯凡凡（女）	58	内科学（肾脏病学）	南方医科大学
36	赵玉沛	54	外科学（普通外科）	北京协和医院
37	唐纪良	52	植物病原菌致病分子机理	广西大学
38	徐 涛	38	生物物理学	中国科学院生物物理研究所
39	徐安龙	46	比较与进化免疫学	中山大学
40	柴家科	57	烧伤外科学	中国人民解放军总医院第一附属医院
41	格日力	56	医学	青海大学
42	桂建芳	53	鱼类遗传育种学	中国科学院水生生物研究所
43	郭亚军	53	肿瘤学、免疫学	第二军医大学
44	顾东风	50	流行病学	中国医学科学院
45	高 福	47	分子免疫学与分子病毒学	中国科学院微生物研究所
46	曹 同	63	植物学	上海师范大学
47	曹泽毅	76	妇产科妇科肿瘤学	清华大学
48	隋森芳	64	生物物理学	清华大学
49	黄光武	59	耳鼻咽喉科学	广西医科大学
50	黄路生	44	动物遗传育种学	江西农业大学
51	彭少麟	52	生态学	中山大学
52	舒红兵	42	细胞生物学、免疫学	武汉大学
53	葛均波	46	心血管内科学	复旦大学
54	蒋华良	44	药学	中国科学院上海药物研究所
55	蒋澄宇（女）	44	医学分子生物学、呼吸分子病理学	中国医学科学院
56	韩 斌	46	植物遗传及基因组学	中国科学院上海生命科学研究院、中国科学院北京基因组研究所
57	慈龙骏（女）	74	林业（荒漠化防治）	中国林业科学研究院
58	谭建明	51	外科学（器官移植）	南京军区福州总医院
59	樊明文	70	口腔医学	武汉大学
60	黎志康	55	植物遗传育种学	中国农业科学院
61	薛红卫	39	植物分子遗传学	中国科学院上海生命科学研究院
62	薛勇彪	46	植物分子生物学	中国科学院遗传与发育生物学研究所
63	瞿  佳	53	眼科学、视光学与视觉科学	温州医学院

中国工程院院士候选名单农业学部（57 人）

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会议指出，发挥科学技术在扩内需、促增长、调结构、上水平、惠民生中的重要支撑作用，是应对国际金融危机、促进经济平稳较快发展一揽子计划的重要组成部分。目前，科技重大专项提前并加快实施的重点任务已经确定，对有较好基础、能够充分利用多年自主创新成果的项目；对有较好市场前景，两三年内能够实现产业化，对当前产业发展和扩大内需具有重要作用的项目；对未来经济社会发展有重大影响的重大关键技术研发和产品开发，集中安排资金。中央财政预算今年安排328亿元，2010年安排300亿元左右，同时带动企业投资，主要推动高档数控机床与基础制造装备，大型飞机，新一代宽带无线移动通信网，核心电子器件、高端通用芯片及基础软件产品，极大规模集成电路制造装备及成套工艺，大型油气田及煤层气开发，大型先进压水堆及高温气冷堆核电站，水体污染控制与治理，转基因生物新品种培育，重大新药创制，艾滋病和病毒性肝炎等重大传染病防治等11个科技重大专项的实施。同时，全面展开科技支撑经济发展、服务企业的各项工作，启动实施一批自主创新产品规模化应用示范工程，加快实施技术创新工程，培育新的经济增长点。

会议强调，加快实施科技重大专项，一要落实责任制，建立强有力的组织管理体系和监督评估体系，充分发挥市场机制的作用，科学组织，集中力量，系统推进。二要加大改革力度，以企业为主体，促进产学研用紧密结合和科技资源整合、开放与共享，加强科技人才特别是高层次人才的引进和培养。

会议认为，必须抓住世界生物科技革命和产业革命的机遇，将生物产业培育成为我国高技术领域的支柱产业。以生物医药、生物农业、生物能源、生物制造和生物环保产业为重点，大力发展现代生物产业。一要发展壮大生物企业。着力培育具有较强创新能力和国际竞争力的龙头企业，鼓励和促进中小生物企业发展，建设国家生物产业基地。二要大力促进自主创新。充分发挥企业的技术创新主体作用，加强高校和公益类科研机构等创新能力基础设施建设，促进自主创新成果创造和产业化。三要加强复合型人才培养，优化人才结构，造就高素质人才队伍。四要加大财税政策支持力度，建立财政性资金优先采购自主创新生物产品制度。五要积极拓宽融资渠道。鼓励设立和发展生物技术创业投资机构和产业投资基金，引导社会资金投向生物产业。六要创造良好市场环境。积极培育生物产品市场需求，完善生物产品市场准入政策，加强知识产权保护，规范市场竞争秩序。七要强化生物遗传资源保护和生物安全监管。会议要求，国务院有关部门要建立健全工作机制，抓紧制定配套措施。各地要结合实际，制定具体工作方案，切实把各项政策措施落到实处。

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创建于1863年的美国国家科学院是美国科学界最高荣誉机构，由科学及工程研究方面的杰出科学家组成。每年4月底，美国国家科学院都在华盛顿举行年会，并在会议最后一天公布本年度新当选的院士及外籍院士名单。今年是第146届国家科学院年会。至今年为止，美国国家科学院的院士总数达2150人，此外，外籍院士总数也达到404人。目前中国共有八位美国国家科学院外籍院士：华罗庚、贾兰坡、朱汉章、巴德年、袁隆平、白春礼、张启发和李爱珍。

今年当选的四位华裔科学家院士，颇受关注的是蒲慕明。他自1981年起积极投入协助恢复和建设中国生物科学研究的工作，多次到国内讲课，上讲习班等。1983年至1986 年蒲慕明参与筹建清华大学生物和生物工程系，并任首届系主任。1988年至1991年蒲慕明参与筹建香港科技大学，并负责生物学科发展、招聘人才等工作。 1999年11月27日起任中国科学院上海生命科学研究院神经科学研究所所长，其间他积极致力于科研文化的建设，擅长于融中西方文化为一体，为中国科研体制的改革做出了积极的贡献。（参见牛X人谈创新性研究一文）

附：美国国家科学院部分华裔院士名录

张光直（Chang,Kwang-Chih） 哈佛大学

张立纲（Chang,LeroyL） 香港科技大学

陈省身（Chern,ShiingShen） 南开大学(数学研究所)

钱煦（Chien,Shu） 加州大学圣迭戈分校

卓以和（Cho,AlfredY.） 卢森技术贝尔实验室

朱经武（Chu,CW） 休斯敦大学

朱棣文（Chu,Steven） 斯坦福大学

冯又嫦（Fung,Inez） 加州大学柏克莱分校

冯元桢（Fung,Yuan-Cheng B）加州大学圣迭戈分校

胡玲（Hu，Evelyn） 加州大学圣巴巴拉分校

叶公杼（Jan,Lily Y） 加州大学旧金山分校

詹裕农（Jan,YuhNung） 加州大学旧金山分校

贾兰坡（JiaLan-Po） 中国科学院

简悦威（Kan,YuetWai） 加州大学旧金山分校

雷干城（Louie,Gwon Sheng） 加州大学柏克莱分校

李雅达（Lee,PatrickA） 麻省理工学院

李政道（Lee,Tsung-Dao） 哥伦比亚大学

李远哲（Lee,YuanT.） 台湾中央研究院

李文雄（Li,Wen-Hsiung） 芝加哥大学

林伯中（Lin,Robert） 加州大学柏克莱分校

林家翘（Lin,Chia-Chiao） 麻省理工学院

麦德华（Mak,TakWah） 多伦多大学(加拿大)

毛河光（Mao,Ho-Kwang） 华盛顿卡内基基金会

沈吕九（Sham,LuJeu） 加州大学圣迭戈分校

沈元壤（Shen,YRon） 加州大学柏克莱分校

徐遐生（Shu,Frank H） 加州大学柏克莱分校

萧荫棠（Siu,Yum-Tong） 哈佛大学

谈家桢（TanJiazhen） 复旦大学

田炳耕（Tien,Ping King） 卢森技术贝尔实验室

丁肇中（Ting,Samuel C.C.） 麻省理工学院

钱泽南（Tjian,Robert） 加州大学柏克莱分校

钱永佑（Tsien,Richard W） 斯坦福大学

钱永健（Tsien,Roger Y.） 加州大学圣迭戈分校

崔琦（Tsui,DannielC.） 普林斯顿大学

王倬（Wang,James C.） 哈佛大学

王晓东（Wang,Xiaodong） 德州大学西南医学中心

翁启惠（Wong,Chi-Huey） (加州)斯克里普斯研究所

吳以仲（Wu，Carl） 国立卫生院

杨振宁（Yang,Chen N.） 纽约州立大学石溪分校

杨祥发（Yang,ShangF） 台湾中央研究院

姚期智（Yao,Andrew Chi-Chih） 普林斯顿大学

丘成桐（Yau,ST） 哈佛大学

周光召（ZhouGuangzhao） 中国科学院

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AMLC系统是在《中国学术文献网络出版总库》、SPRINGER等国内外大型全文数据库作为比对数据库的基础上，推出的世界首个以全文文献为比对资源、检测学术不端行为的重大科研成果。该系统在2~5秒内即能完成一篇5000汉字的文献比对并生成检测报告，详细列出文献与对比数据库重合文字的来源、发表时间与刊物，及包括重合字数、文字重合度、引证关系、诊断类型等在内的检测结果。系统还可以帮助编辑部自建数据库，对已发表文献进行追踪查询、对不良行为作者进行统计分类。

AMLC具有“文献检测”、“已发表文献检测”、“作者黑名单查询”、“学术不端文献库查询”等功能。目前该系统只限科技学术期刊编辑出版单位内部使用，只能用于检测本刊的来稿和已发表文献，具有严格的使用授权。

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可持续研究人员对过去40年中国耕地中对干旱的脆弱性进行了一场大的研究，它凸显了全球粮食供应不断增长的脆弱性。在过去富裕的农业区域的城市发展的增加很可能是一个原因。

“中国是一个正在经历巨大转型的国家，这对土地使用有深远的影响，”利兹大学可持续研究所的研究员、该研究的第一作者Elisabeth Simelton博士说。“种粮是一种利润极低的活动，而且越来越多地在低质量、对干旱非常脆弱的土地上进行。”

该研究审视了中国的三种主要粮食作物：水稻、小麦和玉米，评估了社会经济因素如何影响到它们对干旱的脆弱性。科学家比较了作物产量具有回复力的农业区和遇到小型干旱就遭遇作物大量减产的区域。

他们发现传统上的沿海富裕地区与该国东部地形较差的地区同样容易受到干旱的影响。

“高质量的土地正在越来越多地被用于种植高利润的作物，例如蔬菜和鲜花” 。

目前中国政府称中国的粮食有95%自给自足。倘若中国开始进口其粮食的仅仅5%（用于弥补产量低或者种植利润更大的作物的土地使用变化导致的粮食短缺），这种需求可能消耗掉整个世界的全部粮食出口。

对国际粮食市场可提供粮食总量的压力又会产生巨大的间接作用。穷国特别容易受到伤害，这已经被2007-2008年的粮食危机证明。

这项发表在《环境科学与政策》杂志上的研究利用了各省的粮食产量和降雨量统计数据，再加上定性的个案研究，从而确定对干旱敏感和不敏感的土地之间的差别。

“这项研究的目的之一就是更好地理解对困难环境的社会经济反应，从而让我们更好地改进气候变化的模型，” Simelton博士说。

“这些城市化的趋势也正在印度发生，该国人口预计至少在2050年前将继续上升。最终，粮食生产的限制因素是土地以及土地的质量。”

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12月23日，依托华中农业大学作物遗传改良国家重点实验室和国家植物基因研究中心（武汉）建设的湖北省绿色超级稻工程技术研究中心正式挂牌成立，这标志着“绿色超级稻”研发和产业化登上了一个全新的平台。

水稻是中国第一大作物，对中国粮食安全至关重要。上世纪60年代的水稻矮化育种和70年代中期杂交水稻的研究成功，使产量大幅增加，这被称为水稻的第一次 “绿色革命”。但随着水稻产量潜力的开掘，以高投入换取高产量，与资源、环境的可持续发展存在尖锐的矛盾，具体表现为农药、化肥、水资源的大量使用和消耗，严重地污染环境、消耗资源。

华中农大的水稻科研团队从本世纪初就开始提出“少投入、多产出、保护环境”的水稻“第二次绿色革命”战略目标，构想通过整合目前国内外最新的水稻分子生物学的研究成果，采用现代生物技术与传统育种手段相结合的策略，对水稻抗病虫、抗旱抗逆、营养高效利用、高产、优质等五大性状进行全面改良，培育水稻新品种 “绿色超级稻”。

据张启发院士介绍，“绿色超级稻”的基本目标是在不断提高产量、改良品质的基础上，实现基本不打农药、显著少施化肥、节水抗旱。它可有效缓解中国经济快速发展对资源的需求与环境可持续发展的尖锐矛盾，促进中国农业产业化结构调整和升级。

张启发院士表示，此次成立的中心还将根据湖北水稻生态区的不同特点，在有代表性的地区建立3-4个产业化示范基地，以长江中下游为核心，辐射和带动周边省份的协同发展，并逐渐在农业生物技术产业化方面有效地参与国际竞争。

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