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• Review Transgenic Plants development
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(A) of the Development Review

From the birth of transgenic plants to the beginning of this century, the world’s transgenic crop area of tens of millions of hectares of transgenic plants in less than two decades has made tremendous development time and create a huge economic benefits.

1983 University of Washington announced the successful will kanamycin resistance gene into tobacco cells. In April, the University of Wisconsin has announced the successful soybean gene into sunflower. Marked the birth of transgenic plants, and agricultural bio-engineering technology and the world have had a tremendous shock. Followed by the rapid development of transgenic technology start up, a large number of transgenic plants began to developed. In 1985, the first anti-virus, anti-pest and disease resistant bacteria into the field trials of genetically modified plants. In the same year by the U.S. Patent Office that patent protection of plant genetic engineering. 1986, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency to allow the world’s first case of GM crops - herbicide-resistant tobacco for environmental release. In 1990, anti-virus developed transgenic tobacco had become the world’s largest community of genetically modified crops and genetically modified crops, thus beginning the prelude to large area. In 1994, the United States, genetically modified extension of cooked fresh tomatoes - “FlavrSavr” tomato FDA approval to enter the U.S. market, becoming the first were allowed to sell GM foods.

Subsequent years the rapid promotion of GM crops around the world to promote an area of transgenic crops has grown from 1.7 million hectares in 1996 surged to 52.6 million hectares in 2001, six years increased by 30 times, total plant 100 000 000 2 1 000 5 million hectares . Planting of transgenic crops during this period the number of countries are from 6 in 1996 to 13 in 2000. Which the United States, genetically modified crop acreage most extensive in 2000, planted area reached 30.3 million hectares, accounting for 68%; followed by Argentina, 10 million hectares, accounting for 23%; Canada 3 million hectares, accounting for 7%; China to 500,000 hectares , 1% (these data are too old, in a future article will be updated).

The promotion of genetically modified plants for the community to create a significant economic benefit. GM crops worldwide in 1999 was 54.67 million tons of total exports, total exports reached 10.3 billion U.S. dollars. U.S. agricultural biotechnology in 1996 from net profit obtained for the 92 million U.S. dollars, when in 1997 has increased to 315 million U.S. dollars. Canada in 1997 obtained from the net profit of agricultural biotechnology has reached 53 million U.S. dollars. From a global perspective, 1995 to 1998 4 years sales of transgenic crops increased by 20 times. 1995 only 75 million U.S. dollars; in 1996 tripled over 235 million U.S. dollars, in 1997 has the ability to turn nearly three fold, 6.7 million; in 1998 it reached 12 to 15 billion dollars. In 2001 alone, China imports most of the transgenic soybean 〔〕 that up to 15 million tons of soybean.

In the eighties of last century China has begun the research of transgenic plants. By 1990, China developed its own anti-tobacco mosaic virus, tobacco was grown in Liaoning Province, and became the world’s largest genetically modified plant. Subsequently, transgenic tobacco PK863 anti-virus and transgenic insect-resistant Bt gene in tobacco PK893 also grown in Liaoning Province in 1992, compared with the corresponding conventional varieties yield 5 to 7%, saving 2 to 3% of the amount of pesticide spraying. Later, as the international controversy over the safety of genetically modified stop further application.

The relevant national research projects on transgenic plants research and development to give sustained support, which funded a large program efforts as “National High Technology Research and Development Program (863 Program)”, “National Transgenic Plant Research and Industrialization Special” “National Key Basic Research Development Program (973 Program)” and the National Natural Science Fund. At the same time international research funds, such as “Rockefeller Foundation”, “McKnight Fund” and “China - EU scientific and technological cooperation” and also greatly supported the study of transgenic plants. According to statistics, in 1986 in the field of plant biotechnology research investment to 1.4 billion by 1999 had grown to 920 million yuan. Its share of total national crop research investment increased from 1.2% in 1986 to 9.2% in 1999. In working in the area of plant biotechnology scientists and technical personnel from the 1986 to 740 in 1988 to expand to 1999 people.

As of 2000, the cumulative conduct field trials of transgenic plants 45, the environmental release of a 65, 31 commercial production. Commercialization and research involving genetically modified plants to more than 50 plant species and more than 120 functional genes. 1996, the commercialization of transgenic plants planted area of 112,500 hectares in 2000 has reached 50 million hectares (Figure 2), out fourth in the world (James, 2001). Genetically Modified Crops in China in 1999 reached 2.83 million tons of imports, total import 700 million 5 million yuan. Commercialization of transgenic plants in China are: the Biotechnology Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences developed transgenic insect-resistant cotton, developed by Peking University transfer Chalcone synthase (CHS) gene in Petunia, anti-virus and anti-virus tomato sweet pepper, Huazhong Agricultural University developed transgenic tomato resistant storage. In addition, the United States, Monsanto’s Bt cotton has allowed commercial cultivation in our country.

Of these, transgenic cotton is the only large-scale cultivation in China and the industrialization of transgenic crops. At the national Science and Technology, Ministry of Agriculture, the State Planning Commission and other national projects with the support of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Biotechnology Research Institute and other research institutions since 1991, carried out the research of genetically modified cotton, obtained through genetic modification with self-knowledge Bt insect-resistant property of the toxin gene (Cry1Ab and Cry 1Ac), use of our independent development of pollen-tube pathway transformation technique on the main varieties of cotton were transformed, and ultimately to have excellent resistance to transgenic cotton lines. The gene has received national patents, our country after the United States have independent intellectual property rights, independent transgenic cotton developed the second country. After that was synthesized in 1998, encoding snowdrop lectin gene and Bt + CpTI (cowpea trypsin inhibitor gene) bivalent insect-resistant genes, and applied to the development of transgenic cotton. After 10 years of Bt cotton in China has made efforts to breakthrough in 2000 to promote an area of 550 mu of cotton, the cumulative socio-economic benefits generated nearly 770 million yuan.

(B) of the main progress

2001 world commercial cultivation of transgenic plants reached 52.6 million hectares, of which China’s cultivated area is 150 million hectares, 3 times in 2000, becoming the world’s transgenic crop area of the fastest growing. The main reason is because on the one hand, it has developed good effect, taken seriously by farmers increased the acreage; and partly because the state has increased the research efforts of transgenic plants to new technologies and new products in the future.

1, insect-resistant transgenic plants

In 2001, transgenic cotton has made significant achievements in the basis of another new breakthrough. Chinese Academy of Agricultural Biotechnology Research Institute of the cotton gene patent “encoding insecticidal protein fusion gene and expression vector and its application” was awarded the State Intellectual Property Bureau and the World Intellectual Property Organization Patent Award in China. Meanwhile, the double price of transgenic cotton SGK321 also passed Variety Approval Committee of Hebei Province, marking the double-transgenic cotton in China in a leading position in research. Currently, SGK321 has passed the safety assessment of GMOs, and allowed to Shanxi, Hebei, Shandong, Henan, Anhui and for commercial production, in the Hubei environmental release. Integrated the two years 2000 and 2001 field trial results, SGK321 is superior to other varieties of early maturing before frost 75.4 kg lint per mu is equivalent to control insect-resistant hybrids of 93.4%. The variety of good quality fiber length of 29.2 mm, than the strength of 29.4 cm / Turks, micronaire 4.8, resistance prominent.

So far, China has 14 validation cotton varieties, of which unit price of cotton 11, respectively: GK1 (national anti-1), GK12 (national anti-12), GK19 (national anti-19), GK22 (State anti-22), GK30 (Lumianyan 16), GK95-1 (Jin cotton 26) and GK46 (Jinmian 31), GKz10 (Lumianyan 15), GKz13 (Lu RH-1), GKz6 (CCRI 38) and GKz8 (South anti-3); two-price cotton 3, respectively: sGK321, sGK9708 (CCRI 41), sGK5 (new study 96-48). These cotton varieties are highly resistant to bollworm, has good quality traits and high yield. The same time, and encouraged a strong competitive cotton varieties, including hybrid cotton varieties 2 (Lu H9513 and the anti-hybrid 5), conventional varieties 2 (ZGK9708 and Lu S6145). In addition, there are participating in the national regional trials of promising varieties of six, hybrid cotton 4. Domestic cotton in 2001 has been in Hebei, Henan, Shanxi, Shandong, Hunan, Hubei, Jiangsu, Anhui, Xinjiang and Liaoning provinces and cities to promote the 17 600 thousand ha, accounting for 43.3% of domestic cotton market. With Monsanto’s Bt cotton, transgenic Bt cotton in 2001 planted area of the country 31% of cotton acreage planted more than 3.5 million households.

In transgenic rice, the Chinese Academy of Sciences Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology developed gene transfer SCK (modified cowpea protease inhibitor gene) pest-resistant rice in Fujian Province has carried out five years of field trials. Identified, the field control effect on rice stem borer 90-100%, leaf roller resistance up to 81-100% of Sesamia inferens 62.6-63.9%, 83.9% rice bud worm. Given the current policy reasons for the time being can not be planted, but many parts have been taken to conduct more field trials. The transgenic rice in food safety testing has been basically completed and the results showed no significant difference with the conventional rice. Is currently further developing marker-free, highly expressed genes, multivalent transgenic insect-resistant rice varieties.

China Agricultural University, cloned from the Bt strains of a silent new insecticidal gene cry1Ie1, the gene expression of toxic proteins on the Asian corn borer showed high insecticidal activity, the current international classification has been established on the pattern of its genetic status. The genes and gene combinations with cry1A gene has been applied for national invention patent. On this basis, further complete the cry1Ie1 and codon modified cry1Ac and prokaryotic, eukaryotic expression vectors, transformation of the insecticidal activity of gene identification in progress.

2, resistant transgenic plants

Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences and in cooperation abroad to locate and clone the success of bacterial blight resistance gene Xa21 Xa21 gene in rice through the original Agrobacterium-mediated transformation system, a large number of rice varieties with high yield transformation of Minghui 63, Zhenshan 97B , Yanhui 559, Lake Japonica 6, Pei’ai 64S, C418, 8706, and in 11 other flowers. Resistance analysis showed that these transgenic lines to 19 different bacterial leaf blight strains, including nine former Philippine races, 3 races in Japan and 7 were highly resistant to our pathogenic type, inoculation lesion area less than 10%. Most of Xa21 transgenic lines stronger resistance gene Xa21 donor IRBB21, suggesting that different genetic back of Xa21 is still preserved under the high degree of bacterial blight resistance and broad spectrum resistance. At present, some transgenic plants have entered the pilot phase.

China Agricultural University has been established using high-frequency genetic transformation system for wheat, using particle bombardment of wheat yellow mosaic virus (WYMV) coat protein gene, bacteria associated 72kDa protein gene transfer and RNaseIII ,2-5A System and other target genes were introduced into wheat access to a variety of virus-resistant transgenic lines. One NY-8 and other 50 materials have been examined and approved by the State into the field of biological safety testing. Screened from a number of good lines to keep the receptors in agronomic traits, anti-virus ability to reach a significant level of strain for the first time in cereal crops on the confirmation of the gene silencing-mediated antiviral mechanism.

China National Rice Research Institute of transgenic technology to insect antimicrobial peptide gene by gene gun technology or by pCBl vector into rice immature embryos, were resistant to bacterial disease of transgenic rice plants, experiments in transgenic rice under greenhouse conditions and rice bacterial blight bacteria thin strips enhanced pathogen resistance, and the performance of its genetic stability.

Biotechnology Research Institute of China Academy of Agricultural Sciences and Chinese Academy of Sciences Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology in cooperation such as the successful cloning and modification of plant sources of chitinase gene and the glucose oxidase gene obtained resistance to Verticillium wilt and fusarium wilt GM Cotton is now in pilot phase.

3, transgenic plant reactor

Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences carried out using tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) expression vector used as a bio-reactor plant, using this method the expression of foot and mouth disease virus large surface antigen polypeptide, preparation and efficient, safe, cheap re foot and mouth disease vaccine. The study used self-built local strains of TMV genome cDNA mutant library, the expression of exogenous peptide achieved a major breakthrough. Fusion has been able to express a variety of peptides up to 31 mouth disease virus surface antigen recombinant TMV. Recombinant virus infection of a stable system capacity, per gram of tobacco leaf will receive more than 1 mg of highly purified fusion protein. And found a simple and effective large-scale purification of viruses from the tobacco protein process route and the preparation of recombinant vaccine technology.

4, transgenic plant quality improvement

Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences at the international level for the first time the distribution of photosynthetic products from the point of view, put forward using the anti-PEP gene increased seed oil content of rapeseed technical route by which antisense PEP gene was constructed, using Agrobacterium-mediated pathway, will Antisense PEP gene into the genome of rapeseed, have obtained several batches of anti-PEP transgenic oilseed rape plants. Incubation of the “super oil One” oil amounted to 47.4%, “Super Oil II” oil content as high as 52.82%, oil elongation than conventional varieties by 25% or more, become the highest international oil content in Brassica napus. Breaking the Yangtze River in China rapeseed oil content of 37% ~ 43% in the long-wandering situation, realize the amount of rape seed oil breakthrough.

Yangzhou University and Chinese Academy of Sciences Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, and other isolated and cloned a rice seeds with genes related to starch synthesis: starch branching enzyme Sbe1, starch branching enzyme and soluble starch synthase Sbe3 SSS, and the rice endosperm-specific gene expression sub-components Gt1, GluB-1, RP5 and RAG1. Constructed to be converted rice, contain sense or antisense starch synthase and high lysine content of protein (LRP) gene carriers such as engineering, obtained by transformation with different quality of transgenic rice plants of more than 800 strains. We have done some of the transgenic rice plant molecular identification.

(C) related work

March 2001, bivalent transgenic cotton products SGK321 review committee examined and approved by Hebei Province. Marks the two-gene Bt cotton in China in the field of international leadership ranks.

May 23, 2001 Premier Zhu Rongji signed the State Council Order No. 304, promulgated the “Regulations GMOs safety management.”

July 11, 2001 the Ministry of Agriculture adopted by the 5th executive meeting, issued Decree No. 8,9 and 10. Were released, “Safety Evaluation Administration of Agricultural Genetically Modified Organism”, “import GMOs safety management approach” and “Measures for the Administration of Agricultural Genetically Modified biological identity.” The approach will be March 20, 2002 shall come into force.

December 2001, “China Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement Project” was approved by the State Planning Commission launched. The project is the first country in agriculture major scientific projects, total investment is 149.6 million yuan. Project support unit for the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, the construction period of 2 years. The overall objective of the project is to build an internationally advanced level, large-scale, high efficiency of crop genetic resources and genetic improvement of modern facilities platform, genetic resources for crop research and genetically modified to provide an advanced infrastructure and technology platform.

December 27, 2001, transgenic cotton project’s core technology patent “encoding insecticidal protein fusion gene and the expression vector and its application” (Patent No.: 95119563.8) by the China Patent Award Evaluation Committee review, and the State Intellectual Property Office World Intellectual Property Organization granted the “China Patent Award” certificates.

December 29, 2001, China was the first to propose the use of anti-PEP gene increased seed oil content of rapeseed cultivation antisense technology road PEP Super oil rape new line by the Zhejiang Province in the technical appraisal. The transgenic rapeseed oil content of up to 52.82 percent, as the highest current international oil content in Brassica.

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药物遗传学的一个主要目的就是在新药的研发过程当中尽量减少新药品不良反应的发生，同时提高其治病作用。为了达到这个目的，科学家在开发新药品的时候，通常选择数量有限的病人作为临床试验的对象，但是选取的这些病人有个共同的特点，即具有相同的药品靶点基因型。然后从试验的病人身上采集DNA样本，接着进行DNA分子分型，找到目的基因，并对其进行基因标记，从而了解此目的基因的表达产物——蛋白质的代谢途径，作用机制，或者是易发疾病的产生过程。因此，像这样的临床试验所提到的结果，不仅可有效地证实药品反应与其靶点基因型之间的关系，靶点的相关遗传信息还可作为此种药品是我特殊说明提供给检测部门，并标注在药品的标签上。此外，药品的作用机制，及患者的眼用剂量，也可以随靶点分子遗传信息的逐步明晰而获得。总而言之，经过了漫长的发展阶段，“药物遗传学”相关研究已经被广泛应用到了包括代谢活动紊乱，中枢神经紊乱，及肿瘤学等在内的多种临床医学领域，并且建立了一批与其密切相关的基础设施，包括被誉为“生命银行”的基因库，基因分型设备，以及数据管理和生物信息学方面的相关应用系统。

作为药物遗传学研究的基础设施，包括广泛的基因分型设备及基因库服务系统已经辅助于药物遗传学研究，但是有些科研究人员还是更偏向用以生物技术为基础的基因分型服务系统进行研究，正如他们所说，这样的分型设施更为有效。而且成本更为低廉。但是，他们还是在不断开发新的基因分型方法。例如，在进行临床试验前，根据试验病人的基因型对其进行预先筛选。这种方法虽然看起来相对费时，繁琐，但是能显著提高目的基因分型的准确性。

相关科学家们的主要工作依然是进行新药的研发，不过，他们也可以拓展一下副业，创办药品咨询公司。药品研发咨询公司是随着药物基因组学和药物遗传学的发展应运而生。这些咨询公司主要针对制药公司及相关的生物技术公司提供咨询服务，同时依据服务对象的规模，所提供的服务方式也有不同。例如，对于那些拥有众多科研项目的大公司，咨询公司会针对其每个研发项目的具体内容委派专业的咨询师，提供咨询服务。相反，对那些只有两到三个研究项目、规模相对较小的制药公司或生物技术研发公司，一般是几名咨询师合作负责多家公司的咨询任务。

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首先，五四运动促使中国先进分子的思想方向发生了根本性的改变。在近代以来的一个长时间里，中国先进分子曾经虔诚而热烈地向西方学习，希望把中国建设成为一个独立、富强的资本主义国家。巴黎和会上中国的外交失败，给他们上了严峻的一课，使他们对于资本主义的幻想急速破灭。这个经历，使中国先进分子的思想方向发生了根本性的改变，使他们的目光开始从欧美转向俄国，从资本主义转向社会主义。

正如当年如饥似渴地学习和研究资本主义一样，五四以后，中国的先进分子开始如饥似渴地学习和研究社会主义。如果说，五四运动开始时，中国的马克思主义者还只是李大钊这样个别的人物，那么，五四运动以后，中国先进分子中就有一批人经过对于各种社会主义思潮的比较研究，逐步在马克思主义的旗帜下集合起来了。尽管当时的马克思主义者还为数不多，他们的影响也还没有来得及扩展到广大的人民群众中去，但是，他们的出现，是近代中国历史上全新的因素，是中国即将发生伟大变革的预兆和前奏。

其次，五四运动促使中国先进分子考虑创建新的革命政党的问题。五四运动以前，在中国革命中起领导作用的是国民党及其前身中国同盟会。在五四运动中，孙中山对学生斗争表示过同情和支持，一些国民党人也参加了斗争，但他们并不是这场运动的直接组织者和领导者。蔡和森在1926年回顾当时情况时说，五四运动时，整个说来，国民党是站在群众运动之外的。北京上海的学生派代表去找过国民党，它的领导人“竟以无力参加拒绝 ”。这个趋势很可以说明国民党“不能领导革命了，客观的革命势力发展已超过它的主观力量了”，“故此次运动中一般新领袖对于国民党均不满意”。成立新的革命政党来领导人民的斗争，已经成为中国革命发展的客观要求。

再次，五四运动促使马克思主义与中国工人运动的结合，为中国共产党的成立作了准备。在五四运动中，中国先进的知识分子开始看到了工人阶级力量的伟大。五四运动以后，他们中的一些人自动脱下学生装，穿上粗布衣，到工人群众中去做宣传工作和组织工作。这样，五四运动就促进了先进知识分子与工人群众的结合。在这个过程中，先进的知识分子了解到工人阶级的疾苦和他们的要求，把自己的立足点移到了他们的一边；一部分工人认识了本阶级的历史使命，具有了阶级的觉悟。在此基础上，中国产生了一批工人阶级的先进分子，这就为中国共产党的成立准备了条件。1921年中国共产党的成立是五四运动的最大成果和最大收获。自从有了中国共产党，中国革命的面貌就为之一新了，中国人民争取民族独立和自身解放的斗争就有获得胜利的最根本的保证了。

本文转载自《红旗文稿》，作者 辛 岩。
在”五四运动”90周年前夕，聊以此文唤起青年人有关责任，有关信仰，有关理想，有关一个古老大国的崛起的美丽传承

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• 中国传统文化的现代价值

清代科学巨星明安图（1692～1765）

明安图，18世纪我国杰出的蒙古族科学家，在天文学、地理测绘学和数学等科学领域做出了巨大的贡献。明安图是蒙古正白旗人（现正镶白旗）。早期入八旗官学学习数学和天文历法。在编纂百科全书式巨著康熙御制《律历渊源》、《历象考成后编》、《仪象考成》等天文历法和数学著作中发挥了极为重要的作用。他两次带队到新疆进行大地测量，绘制成我国第一幅全国大地图——《皇舆全图》。他积三十年之功研究数学，论证了三角函数幂级数展开式和圆周率的无穷级数表示式等九个公式，成功地解析了九个求圆周率的公式，写就了《割圆密率捷法》一书，在清代数学界被誉为“明氏新法”，在我国数学史上占有重要地位。明安图首创卡塔兰数，使我国的数学研究达到了前所未有的水平。2002年，经中国科学院和国际天文学联合会批准，将国家天文台发现的编号为28242号小行星命名为“明安图星”。他是我国乃至世界上以少数民族科学家名字命名小行星的第一人。

卓越的地质学家李四光（1889～1971）

李四光，世界著名的科学家、地质学家、教育家和社会活动家，我国现代地球科学和地质工作奠基人。李四光出生在湖北黄冈县（祖父时期定居到这里）。他曾留学日本、英国，回国后先后任北京大学地质系教授、国家地质部部长、中国科协主席、全国政协副主席。李四光是我国地质力学、地震预报、冰川研究的奠基人。他独创的地质力学理论，为我国的地质探测、石油勘探及开采做出了巨大贡献。李四光的最大贡献是以力学的观点研究地壳运动现象，探索地质运动与矿产分布规律，新华夏构造体系的特点，分析了我国的地质条件，说明中国的陆地一定有石油。从理论上推翻了中国贫油的结论，肯定中国具有良好的储油条件。

1956年，他亲自主持松辽平原、华北平原的石油普查勘探工作，在很短时间里，先后发现了大庆、胜利、大港、华北、江汉等油田，为中国石油工业建立了不朽的功勋。毛泽东、周恩来称他是“我国科学界的一面红旗”，“光被四表，泽及千秋”。

著名生物化学家傅守正（1920～2005）

傅守正，美籍华人，著名生物化学专家，美国科学会和英国皇家化学会高级会员。傅守正出生于北京市，祖籍内蒙古科尔沁，为成吉思汗次子察合台的第36代孙。傅守正1944年毕业于北京辅仁大学，1946年赴美国留学获理学博士，任美国儿童癌症研究中心基金会主持人和美国新泽西大学生化研究院院长、哈佛大学医学院生物化学副研究员。傅守正毕生后从事化学和生物化学研究，在医药生物化学、基础生物化学、蛋白化学与生物化学、蛋白与蛋白工程等诸多领域内获得70多项重大科研成果，特别是在儿童白血病和肿瘤研究与防治方面成绩卓著。从20世纪70年代开始，傅守正将研究重点转到了攻克老年白内障方面，在白内障蛋白组织研究方面取得重大突破，通过溶解消除障碍物来治疗白内障，这一研究成果处于国际领先水平。

油菜育种专家官春云（1938～）

官春云，油菜遗传育种及栽培生理专家、中国工程院院士。官春云生于湖北省江陵县，祖籍内蒙古镶黄旗。他毕业于湖南农学院，曾任湖南农业大学校长。官春云现任湖南农业大学教授、博导。他在油菜高产优质高效栽培、育种理论和应用研究方面做出了突出贡献：提出油菜器官分化和产量形成基本规律，已成为油菜栽培理论的精髓；提出油菜冬发栽培理论和技术体系，促进了长江中游地区油菜增产；提出了油菜光温生态的4种类型和地理分布，对生产有重要指导意义；提出油菜化学杀雄利用杂种优势的理论和方法，已被广泛应用；提出油菜优质高产育种的新方法，主持育成品种 15个，推广面积1.5亿多亩，其中8个为国家重点推广的品种；育成3个转基因油菜新品系并完成遗传稳定性和安全性研究；主持发表了国内第一张油菜分子标记遗传图谱。官春云先后获得国家科技进步二等奖1项，三等奖2项，省部级二等奖4项。

农药化学和元素有机化学的奠基人杨石先（1896～1985）

杨石先，中国科学院学部委员、有机化学家和教育家。杨石先生于浙江省杭州市，毕业于清华大学，两度赴美国留学，获得化学硕士学位和博士学位。他是中国农药化学和元素有机化学的奠基人与开拓者，化学科学研究的卓越组织者。他组织开展了有机氟、硅、硼和金属有机化学等领域的研究，试制成功多种除草剂、杀菌剂和杀虫剂，在农药化学方面做出了重要贡献。其研究成果填补了我国化学学科中的许多空白，将我国农药研制水平推向了新的阶段，其中“枯叶净”攻克了水稻的白叶枯病即水稻“癌症”。1966年他主持研制的三种有机磷农药获得国家一等奖。杨石先是我国著名教育家，致力于高等教育和科学研究６０余年，培育了中国几代科技人才。他先后任南开大学教务长、副校长和校长，培养了15名科学院院士。

蒙医药学家占布拉道尔吉（1792～1855）

占布拉道尔吉，清代蒙医药学家、佛学大师。占布拉道尔吉出生于内蒙古奈曼旗一个贵族家庭，是第九任扎萨克诺颜（清代掌管旗务的世袭官）巴拉楚克的次子，曾任该旗波日胡硕庙第四世活佛。精通蒙、藏、汉、满、梵5种文字，对蒙医理论，尤其对蒙藏医药学造诣很深。其著作有藏文《无误蒙药鉴》，又称《蒙药图鉴》一书，是一部蒙医药学专著。该书图文并茂，共收载879种药材，799幅黑白插图和蒙、汉、藏、满4种文字的药名表；对外科器材的形状和用途、放血、针灸等疗法以及人体各部位的划分也有详细记述；记载了300多个穴位，并且对重要穴位予以详细图解。原著对每种药的别名，生长环境，动、植、矿物形态，人药部位，采集时间，炮制方法，性味、功能，主治和用法等作了叙述。《蒙药图鉴》已成为蒙医药学的指南范本，现译成蒙古、汉、俄、英等多种文字。

试管羊之父旭日干（1940～）

旭日干，生物工程学家，中国工程院院士。旭日干生于内蒙古科尔沁右翼前旗，毕业于内蒙古大学生物系。旭日干曾任内蒙古大学校长、中国科协副主席，现任中国工程院副院长、全国政协委员。70年代以来，旭日干长期从事以家畜生殖生物学为中心的现代畜牧业高技术的研究。首次探索出山羊、绵羊和牛精子体外诱导获能的途径，培育出世界首例试管山羊和国内首胎、首批试管绵羊、试管牛，并建立了规模化生产试管牛、羊的整套技术工艺；系统地观察和记录了牛、羊卵巢卵细胞的体外成熟、体外受精和早期发育的形态学变化及其规律，为揭开哺乳类动物受精之谜提供了大量的科学依据。他在家畜育种研究中创造性地应用体外受精的理论与技术，在国际上首次提出了试管内杂交育种技术。在日本学习期间，他成功培育出了世界上第一例试管山羊，被誉为“试管羊之父”。他先后获得国家科技进步二等奖、内蒙古科教兴区特别奖、全国优秀科技工作者、国家杰出专业技术人才等多项奖励和荣誉称号。

海军女科学家萨本茂（1924～）

萨本茂，应用化学家。萨本茂生于福建省福州市，海军世家，元代著名汉辞学家萨都剌第十八代孙。她毕业于福州华南女子文理学院化学系，历任军工厂技术员、工程师、高级工程师。。萨本茂从事舰船应用化学研究，完成了67项重大科研成果和技术革新，其中2项填补我国空白；“乙炔清净剂”、“快速涂镀铟溶液”、舰船尾轴“防腐涂料”等3项获得了全国科学大会重大科技成果奖；特别是“舰船尾轴包玻璃钢”技术创造出世界先进水平。她为我国的海军装备建设做出了突出贡献，被誉为“科技尖兵、巾帼一杰”、“居里夫人”式的人物。１９７９年、１９８３年，她两次获全国三八红旗手称号；１９８６年她被总后勤部授予全军劳动模范称号。

当代著名化学家冒怀庆（1942～）

冒怀庆，化学家，澳大利亚技术科学及工程院院士。冒怀庆生于重庆，原籍江苏省如皋市，系元世祖忽必烈第九子镇南王脱欢帖木儿后裔。1960年冒怀庆赴美国留学，先后获得应用数学硕士和物理化学博士学位，在光学、表面化学、高分子及镭射技术等广泛的研究领域里取得了突破性成果。他主持发明的澳大利亚钞票所用防伪特殊油墨，获得了世界专利。由他主持研究的“关节软骨细胞修复材料开发”和“活性自由基聚合触媒技术研究”等前瞻性技术取得了突破性成果。1999年澳大利亚外交部为中澳两国关系做出贡献的各方面人物颁奖，他是唯一一个获得科技贡献奖的澳洲华人。2003年他获得澳大利亚政府颁发的“澳洲建国百年奖章”。

飞机设计制造家巴玉藻（1892～1929）

巴玉藻，著名飞机设计制造家。巴玉藻生于江苏省镇江市，祖先是克什克腾氏，祖父、父亲是蒙古八旗军武官。巴玉藻13岁考入南京水师学童。17岁时，他被选派留学英国、攻读机械工程。1909年，他被选派赴英留学，学习制造船炮。1915年巴玉藻转赴美国留学，考入麻省理工学院航空工程系，为第2期学生，1916年毕业，获硕士学位，被美国通用飞机厂聘为第一任总工程师。 1917年回国后，巴玉藻任海军飞机工程处主任，1919年设计制造出我国第一架飞机，被命名为“甲型一号”。巴玉藻一生为我国设计制造了六种型号共14 架飞机，大部分交付海军供教练飞行使用，并参加了北伐部分战斗。飞机性能相当先进，有些方面超过当时欧美国家设计生产的飞机。他创建了海军飞潜学校飞机制造专业班，为我国培养了第一批航空高级专业人才。他与王助共同设计制造了世界上第一个浮坞（供水上飞机用的浮站）。

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该书内容是关于宇宙本性的最前沿知识，但是从那以后无论在微观还是宏观宇宙世界的观测技术方面都有了非凡的进展。不过，伟大的成就往往是孤独的，《时间简史》书中内容极其艰涩，很多人买回家并不看，“孤芳自赏”成摆设。

霍金教授的生平是非常富有传奇性的，他的贡献是在他20年之久被卢伽雷病禁锢在轮椅上的情况下做出的，这真正是空前的。因为他的贡献对于人类的观念有深远的影响，所以说，上帝对每个人都是很公平的。他有身体上的缺陷，可头脑聪明的很！

不过，今天看到报告称“67岁的霍金因呼吸系统感染病得很重，已被紧急送医院抢救”，打开霍金的个人官方网站，看到下面一番话：

Due to very high demand, the website has been simplified to keep the server online. We apologise for the lack of in-depth content, which would normally be available here.

Professor Hawking is comfortable, but will be spending the night in hospital. The Cambridge University Press Office have a statement to this effect, and do not expect to have any further updates until mid-morning tomorrow.

衷心祝福霍金！

最后，提供《时间简史中文版》下载地址，有耐性的感兴读者试读

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实际上，美国现代农业的主要标志——规模化种植、产业化经营，与美国人少地多、资本充裕和国内能源价格低廉的基本国情和国家战略相适应，绝大多数发展中国家，并没有任何模仿美国的资源条件、资本条件和能源条件。可是，伴随资本雇佣劳动体系的扩展，以及食物商品化和政治化的推进，美国的粮食体系和粮食政治逐渐结合，形成了一个强大的世界系统，这一系统致力于使世界各国相对独立的食物体系，被美国为首的少数国家，整合为一个单一的、以资本控制的食物体系。最终，产业资本又和国家政治相结合，合力营造出一个庞大的食物帝国。这一食物帝国，不仅通过市场扩张，还通过价值重塑和政治谈判，诱使甚至迫使各国模仿美国的农业模式与食物体系。

实际上，二战以来，世界各国已经陆陆续续在农业补贴、粮食援助、农产品自由贸易等食物帝国扩展方式下，因其农业生产体系和食物产销体系无法独立生存，而沦为这一食物帝国的附庸，从而丧失国家最基本的公共物品——粮食的主导权。自然，国家安全和人民健康，都将由这一食物帝国支配。食物帝国远离自然的农业生产方式，以及利益至上的食物产销方式，正在将全人类拖入能源不安全、粮食不安全、食品不安全的恶性循环之中。

中国在近20年来，正在不自觉地成为食物帝国的附庸。认识这一食物帝国的面目，可以有助于认识中国急剧变化的农村经济和社会变迁，及其与我们日用食粮的联系。努力实现三个替代，进行局部性的改良，可能会有助于延缓人类用食物自杀的命运。

本文作者为中国人民大学农业与农村发展学院周立教授，作者用了一年的时间到美国学习考察，掌握了不少文献和实地资料，对食物商品化、食物政治化以及食物帝国的形成和扩展形成一定见解。文章较长，转帖于本站时我分成了三个部分：

美国的粮食政治与粮食武器（一）

美国的粮食政治与粮食武器（二）

美国的粮食政治与粮食武器（三）

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